Improvement of the quality of gluten‐free sponge cake using different levels and particle sizes of carrot pomace powder

In this study, carrot pomace powder (CPP) with particle sizes of 210 μm (CPP210) and 500 μm (CPP500) was added in the gluten‐free sponge cake recipe. Flour (rice and corn flour, 1:1, w/w) was replaced with 0, 10, 20 and 30% CPP. With increasing the level and particle size of CPP, batter density, viscosity, consistency and firmness increased. The control cake had a dense, hard texture, irregular shape and low sensory scores. These properties improved with addition of CPP so that the cake density, hardness and cohesiveness reduced, while symmetry index and sensory scores increased. Varying the particle size of CPP had no considerable effects on most of the batter and cake properties, while increasing the level of CPP had great positive effects on the quality of batter and cake. Overall, addition of 30% CPP with either of the particle sizes resulted in an acceptable gluten‐free cake.     

An optimization approach to estimate and calibrate column water vapour for hyperspectral airborne data

The article describes a novel approach to estimate and calibrate column water vapour (CWV), a key parameter for atmospheric correction of remote-sensing data. CWV is spatially and temporally variable, and image-based methods are used for its inference. This inference, however, is affected by methodological and numeric limitations, which likely propagate to reflectance estimates. In this article, a method is proposed to estimate CWV iteratively from target surface reflectances. The method is free from assumptions for at sensor radiance-based CWV estimation methods. We consider two cases: (a) CWV is incorrectly estimated in a processing chain and (b) CWV is not estimated in a processing chain. To solve (a) we use the incorrect estimations as initial values to the proposed method during calibration. In (b), CWV is estimated without initial information. Next, we combined the two scenarios, resulting in a generic method to calibrate and estimate CWV. We utilized the hyperspectral mapper (HyMap) and airborne prism experiment (APEX) instruments for the synthetic and real data experiments, respectively. Noise levels were added to the synthetic data to simulate real imaging conditions. The real data used in this research are cloud-free scenes acquired from the airborne campaigns. For performance assessment, we compared the proposed method with two state-of-the-art methods. Our method performed better as it minimizes the absolute error close to zero, only within 8–10 iterations. It thus suits existing operational chains where the number of iterations is considerable. Finally, the method is simple to implement and can be extended to address other atmospheric trace gases.     

Tunable Spectrum Selectivity for Multiphoton Absorption with Enhanced Visible Light Trapping in ZnO Nanorods

Observation of visible light trapping in zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) correlated to the optical and photoelectrochemical properties is reported. In this study, ZnO NR diameter and c‐axis length respond primarily at two different regions, UV and visible light, respectively. ZnO NR diameter exhibits UV absorption where large ZnO NR diameter area increases light absorption ability leading to high efficient electron–hole pair separation. On the other hand, ZnO NR c‐axis length has a dominant effect in visible light resulting from a multiphoton absorption mechanism due to light reflection and trapping behavior in the free space between adjacent ZnO NRs. Furthermore, oxygen vacancies and defects in ZnO NRs are associated with the broad visible emission band of different energy levels also highlighting the possibility of the multiphoton absorption mechanism. It is demonstrated that the minimum average of ZnO NR c‐axis length must satisfy the linear regression model of Z _p,min = 6.31d to initiate the multiphoton absorption mechanism under visible light. This work indicates the broadening of absorption spectrum from UV to visible light region by incorporating a controllable diameter and c‐axis length on vertically aligned ZnO NRs, which is important in optimizing the design and functionality of electronic devices based on light absorption mechanism.     

On the internal structure of weakly nonlinear bores in laminar high Reynolds number flow

The paper deals with the internal structure of hydraulic jumps in near-critical single-layer flows which replaces the discontinuities predicted by hydraulic theory if viscous effects acting inside a thin laminar boundary layer are properly accounted for. In the limit of large Reynolds number this leads to a structure problem formed by the classical triple-deck equations supplemented with a novel nonlinear interaction relationship which allows for the passage through the critical state. Hydraulic jumps are shown to represent eigensolutions of the structure problem where this passage is achieved by the local thickening of the boundary layer which acts as a viscous hump. The effects of detuning and dispersion due to streamline curvature and surface tension on the internal structure of hydraulic jumps are studied in detail. In addition, the interaction of hydraulic jumps with surface mounted obstacles is investigated.     

Diffusion-controlled reference material for volatile organic compound emissions testing: Pilot inter-laboratory study

To improve the reliability and accuracy of tests used to measure emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from samples of interior building products, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Virginia Tech (VT) have created a program to develop reference materials with independently predictable emission rates. A diffusive reference material and associated mechanistic model have been developed and are undergoing extensive evaluation. As part of this process, a pilot inter-laboratory study (ILS) was conducted with four laboratories using a polymer material loaded with toluene as the reference source. Results showed the prototype material to be a relatively stable, homogeneous source with consistent emissions both within and between production batches. A comparison of toluene emission rates determined by the laboratories showed relative standard deviations as low as 9%, which are significantly lower than inter-laboratory variations for most previous ILS exercises with VOC sources. At a sample time of 48 h, the mean measured toluene emission rate for all four laboratories was within 1% of the model predicted value. The success of this pilot ILS is a key step toward being able to provide a VOC reference material for independent validation of VOC emission tests conducted in small chambers.     

A natural history study of chronic fatigue syndrome.

Objective: There is a need for natural history chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) studies from random, community-based, multi-ethnic populations. Design: The present study examined the course of CFS from Wave 1 to Wave 2, which spanned over a ten year period of time, and, assessed whether socio-environmental and symptomatology factors were associated with CFS status over the ten year period. Results: There was relative stability over time on critical measures of disability, fatigue, support, optimism and coping over time. One cardinal symptoms of CFS, post-exertional malaise, best differentiated the CFS group from the others. By Wave 2, of the original group of 32 individuals diagnosed with CFS, 4 had died, and 24 were found and agreed to be re-evaluated, and of this group, 16 continued to have CFS, 5 developed exclusionary illnesses, 2 were classified as Idiopathic chronic fatigue, and one had remitted. Conclusions: The current study found that over time in a community-based sample, unbiased by help seeking behavior the CFS group remained rather ill with a variety of different conditions over time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interdiffusion in Fe/Pt Multilayers: In Situ High Temperature Synchrotron Radiation Reflectivity Study

Thermal annealing of Fe/Pt multilayers (ML) is reported to reduce significantly the formation temperature of FePt hard magnetic thin films. The transformation mechanisms of [Fe 1.38 nm/Pt 2.24 nm]₅₀ ML, prepared by magnetron sputtering, is investigated in the present communication by high temperature X‐ray reflectivity using synchrotron radiation. Complete degradation of the ML periodic structure is observed at about 610 K. The variation with annealing temperature of the intensity of the first Bragg peak, the correlated vertical roughness, and the lateral correlation length of the ML show that the ML transform in two stages with a cross‐over temperature of about 515 ± 15 K. This behavior cannot be simply explained by the change in the measured interdiffusion coefficient below and above the cross‐over temperature, suggesting the formation of FePt nanograins along the interfaces.     

A New Prototype Two‐Phase (TiNi)–(β‐W) SMA System with Tailorable Thermal Hysteresis

The Ti–Ni–W two‐phase shape memory alloy (SMA) thin film system is presented as a prototype for new SMAs with tailorable thermal transformation hysteresis (ΔT). The concept is to combine the SMA TiNi with almost insoluble W to create the two‐phase system (TiNi)–(β‐W). This system behaves like a pseudobinary TiNi system. Phase transformation behavior for compositions above the solubility limit of W in TiNi exhibit a B2–R phase transformation with characteristically small ΔT. Moreover, ΔT is dependent on the amount of W and it can be tailored to zero and even negative. This phenomenon is rationalized as being due to the mechanical interaction between the phases B2‐TiNi and β‐W. The presented results are very promising for the development of high‐speed Ti–Ni‐based SMA actuators.     

A Direct Approach to Organic/Inorganic Semiconductor Hybrid Particles via Functionalized Polyfluorene Ligands

Controlled Suzuki–Miyaura coupling polymerization of 7′‐bromo‐9′,9′‐dioctyl‐fluoren‐2′‐yl‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐[1,3,2]dioxaborolane initiated by bromo(4‐tert‐butoxycarbonylamino‐phenyl)(tri‐tert‐butylphosphine)palladium ( 1 ) or bromo(4‐diethoxyphosphoryl‐phenyl)(tri‐tert‐butylphosphine)palladium ( 2 ) yields functionalized polyfluorenes (M_n = 4 × 10³ g mol^?1, M_w/M_n < 1.2) with a single amine or phosphonic acid, respectively, end‐group. High temperature synthesis of cadmium selenide quantum dots with these functionalized polyfluorenes as stabilizing ligands yields hybrid particles consisting of good quality (e.g. emission full width at half maximum of 30 nm; size distribution σ < 10%) inorganic nanocrystals with polyfluorene attached to the surface, as corroborated by transmission electron microscopy analysis and analytical ultracentrifugation. Sedimentation studies on particle dispersions show that a substantial portion (ca. half) of the phosphonic acid terminated polyfluorene ligands is bound to the inorganic nanocrystals, versus ca. 5% for the amino‐functionalized polyfluorene ligands. Single particle micro‐photoluminescence spectroscopy shows an efficient and complete energy transfer from the polyfluorene layer to the inorganic quantum dot.